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Benoît XIII, de son vrai nom Pedro de Luna, est né en 1328 à Illueca, en Espagne. Il est issu d'une famille noble aragonaise et a reçu une éducation soignée, notamment à l'université de Montpellier où il étudie le droit civil et canonique. Très tôt, il manifeste un intérêt pour l'Église et se tourne vers une carrière ecclésiastique. En 1375, Pedro de Luna est nommé évêque de la région de Valence, en Espagne, avant de devenir cardinal en 1378. Cependant, cette période est marquée par le Grand Schisme d'Occident, qui divise l'Église d'Occident entre deux papes rivaux, Clément VII à Avignon et Urbain VI à Rome. Pedro de Luna se rallie à l'obédience d'Avignon et est élu pape en 1394, prenant le nom de Benoît XIII. Sa papauté est marquée par de nombreuses difficultés. En effet, le Grand Schisme d'Occident divise les fidèles, qui se retrouvent partagés entre les deux papes rivaux. Benoît XIII reçoit le soutien de l'Aragon, de la Castille et d'autres régions espagnoles, ainsi que de certains États italiens, mais il n'arrive pas à obtenir une reconnaissance universelle. Malgré plusieurs tentatives de réconciliation avec Urbain VI, Benoît XIII refuse toujours de renoncer à sa position papale et continue de revendiquer son autorité sur l'Église. La papauté de Benoît XIII s'accompagne également de controverses et d'accusations de corruption. Il est accusé d'avoir vendu des indulgences et d'avoir profité de sa position pour accumuler des richesses. Les luttes politiques et religieuses se multiplient, et de nombreux rois et princes tentent de résoudre la crise du schisme d'Occident en organisant des conciles. Finalement, en 1417, après près de vingt ans de schisme, le concile de Constance se réunit pour mettre fin à la crise et réunifier l'Église. Benoît XIII est déposé et son successeur, Martin V, est élu. Pedro de Luna est alors exilé dans son château de Peñíscola, en Espagne, où il continue de revendiquer le titre de pape jusqu'à sa mort en 1423. La papauté de Benoît XIII reste l'une des périodes les plus tumultueuses de l'histoire de l'Église catholique. Son obstination à refuser une réconciliation avec les autres factions du schisme et son refus de renoncer à son autorité ont contribué à prolonger la division de l'Église. Malgré cela, il reste une figure complexe et controversée dans l'histoire de la papauté.

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