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Cecil John Rhodes, né le 5 juillet 1853 à Bishop's Stortford, dans le Hertfordshire en Angleterre, et décédé le 26 mars 1902 au Cap en Afrique du Sud, est une des personnalités les plus influentes de l'ère victorienne et de l'expansion britannique en Afrique. Fils d'un pasteur anglican, Rhodes est envoyé en Afrique du Sud pour des raisons de santé à l'âge de 17 ans. Il y découvre le potentiel économique et territorial de la région, et décide de s'y établir. Après avoir fait fortune dans le commerce du diamant, il fonde en 1888 la compagnie De Beers, qui va devenir le plus grand empire diamantaire mondial. Ceci lui permet d'accumuler une immense fortune et une influence politique considérable. En parallèle, Rhodes s'intéresse également à la politique et à l'impérialisme. Convaincu de la supériorité de la civilisation occidentale, il participe activement à l'expansion de l'Empire britannique en Afrique. Il est l'un des principaux acteurs de la colonisation de la Rhodésie (aujourd'hui le Zimbabwe), dont il donne son nom, et de plusieurs autres territoires africains. Son objectif est de créer un empire britannique ininterrompu reliant le Cap au Caire. En 1890, Rhodes est élu Premier ministre de la colonie du Cap. Il œuvre pour unir les diverses colonies britanniques d'Afrique du Sud au sein d'une seule entité politico-économique, ce qui aboutit finalement à la création de l'Union sud-africaine en 1910. Rhodes joue également un rôle central dans la guerre des Boers, notamment en finançant la British South Africa Company, une compagnie privée qui s'emploie à étendre l'influence britannique dans la région. Cependant, Rhodes est également critiqué pour ses méthodes brutales et impitoyables, notamment envers les peuples indigènes. Il défend l'idée de la « suprématie blanche » et prône une politique d'exploitation économique des territoires africains, ce qui lui vaut de nombreuses controverses et oppositions. Cecil John Rhodes a sans aucun doute laissé une marque indélébile sur l'histoire de l'Afrique australe. Son héritage est complexe, associant à la fois la réussite économique et l'impérialisme, l'exploitation et la construction d'un empire. Sa vision controversée de l'expansion britannique continue de susciter le débat, tout en reflétant les tensions et les tumultes de l'époque coloniale.

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