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Claude Shannon, né le 30 avril 1916 à Petoskey dans le Michigan, est une figure emblématique de l'informatique et des mathématiques. Enfant prodige, il démontre très tôt un intérêt marqué pour les sciences et les mécanismes. Il poursuit ses études à l'Université du Michigan où il obtient un diplôme en génie électrique en 1936, suivi d'une maîtrise en mathématiques en 1937. En 1937, Shannon intègre le prestigieux Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) où il effectue sa thèse de doctorat sur la théorie des réseaux électriques. C'est lors de ces études qu'il développe la notion fondamentale d'information et de communication, qui marquera le début de sa carrière exceptionnelle. En 1940, Shannon rejoint les Bell Labs, un laboratoire de recherche en télécommunications réputé, où il commence à travailler sur des problèmes de transmission de signaux et de fiabilité des systèmes de communication. Ses recherches révolutionnent le domaine de la théorie de l'information et de la communication, jetant les bases de l'informatique moderne. L'un des travaux les plus célèbres de Shannon est son article de 1948 intitulé "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Dans cet article, il définit le concept d'entropie, un indicateur de la quantité d'information contenue dans un message et introduit des notions essentielles telles que le codage source, le codage de canal et le bruit. Son article est considéré comme le point de départ de la théorie de l'information et a des applications majeures dans de nombreux domaines, notamment la compression de données et la cryptographie. En parallèle à ses recherches théoriques, Shannon se passionne pour les machines et les automates. En 1950, il construit le premier robot autonome qui peut résoudre des problèmes de logique grâce à des interrupteurs électriques. Ce robot, appelé "The Mechanical Mouse", lui vaut une renommée internationale et démontre son talent unique pour la conception de systèmes innovants. Claude Shannon a également contribué au développement des circuits logiques binaires, fondements de l'architecture des ordinateurs modernes. Ses travaux sur les circuits séquentiels et les machines à états finis ont ouvert la voie aux systèmes de contrôle automatique et aux ordinateurs programmables. Claude Shannon a été largement reconnu pour sa contribution exceptionnelle à la science et à l'ingénierie. Il a reçu de nombreuses distinctions, dont la Médaille National Science en 1966, la plus haute distinction scientifique aux États-Unis. Il a également été élu membre de la National Academy of Engineering et de la National Academy of Sciences. Claude Shannon est décédé le 24 février 2001, laissant derrière lui un héritage scientifique remarquable. Son travail a influencé une multitude de disciplines, donnant naissance à l'ère de l'information et de la communication dans laquelle nous vivons aujourd'hui. Son génie créatif et sa vision révolutionnaire continuent d'inspirer les scientifiques et les chercheurs du monde entier.

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